커뮤니케이션대학원 졸업논문
재난 보도, 뉴스 프레임, 재난 사진 분석, 내용 분석, 질적 분석
뉴스는 수용자들이 직접 경험하지 못한 여러 가지 국내외 사건들을 다룬다. 이 때 뉴스는 기본적으로 있는 그대로의 내용을 객관적으로 보도해야 하지만, 현실에서의 뉴스는 제작, 전달 과정에서 여러 가지 요인들에 의해 영향을 받는다. 그리고 수용자 들은 이러한 요인들에 의해 재구성되고 틀 지워진 프레임(frame)을 통해 세상의 단면 을 보게 된다. 그렇기 때문에, 미디어가 특정 사건을 어떻게 보도하는가는 매우 중요 한 문제이다. 현대사회에서 대중들은 자신의 직접적인 경험보다 미디어가 구성한 틀 을 통해 세상을 바라보고 현실을 인식하게 되기 때문이다.\r\n이에 따라 본 연구는 뉴스가 현실 그 자체가 아닌 언론에 의해 구성된 현실로서 독 자 자신이 경험하지 못한 사건을 이해하고 해석하는 프레임을 제공한다는 구성주의적 관점에서 접근한다.\r\n2011년 3월 11일 일본의 동북부 지역을 강타한 규모 9.0 강진으로 일본은 큰 피해 를 입었다. 강한 지진의 여파로 대형 쓰나미가 발생해, 피해규모에 있어서 전 세계를 경악하게 했다, 수많은 사망자와 실종자를 냈으며, 후쿠시마 제 1원전과 제 2원전의 냉각 시스템에도 문제가 생겼으며, 방사능 물질이 유출되는 사상 초유의 사태가 일어 났다. 세계 어느 나라보다 지진에 가장 완벽한 대처방법을 가지고 있는 일본이지만, 이번 지진은 피해규모가 너무 커서 위상이 흔들리는 모습을 보여주었다. 또한 이번 대지진은 전 세계에 정치, 경제, 사회 문화적으로 커다란 비중과 영향력을 행사하고 있는 일본에서 발생한 사건으로, 전 세계의 이목을 집중시켰다.\r\n이에 본 연구는 전 세계의 관심을 얻고 있는 이번 재난 사태에 대해 우리나라와 미 국의 언론이 어떠한 프레임으로 재난 현실을 보도하였는지 살펴보고자 한다. 동일본 대지진 관련 신문보도에 대한 국가 간 비교연구를 진행하기 위해 <중앙일보> 와
News media deals with many global events, which readers do not experience directly. In this sense, news media should be focused on reporting the events objectively, however in reality the news itself is affected by various factors arising during the processes of production and delivery. The subscriber then sees a cross-section of the world through a framework reconstructed and interwoven by these factors. Thus, how the media reports a particular event is a very important issue. Modern society looks at the world and becomes aware of its reality through the framework configured by the media rather than from direct personal experience.\r\nThus, this study is approached from the constructivist's perspective that news is not the reality itself but configured by the press, whose role is to provide a frame to understand and comprehend the events that readers have not experienced.\r\nIn March 11, 2011, Japan suffered tremendous damage from the scale 9.0 earthquake which struck the northeastern region of the country. A large tsunami occurred as the aftermath of this earthquake and the extent of the damaged caused surprised the rest of the world. There were a large number of deaths and missing people, as well as a problem in the cooling systems of both the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant and a second nuclear power plant which caused radioactive materials to be leaked. This was an unprecedented event and came as a shock to the world. Japan has more experience in countering the effects of earthquakes than any other country in the world, but the extent of damage from the earthquake was enormous to the point as to affect the country’s economy.\r\nIn addition, the earthquake caught the attention of the world because this incident occurred in Japan, a nation which has great influence on politics, economy, social and cultural aspects of the world.\r\nThis study will examine the differences and similarities in the ways in which the Korean and US press reported the reality of the disaster. In order to conduct the examination, the contents of articles from Joongang Daily, a Korean newspaper, and The New York Times, an American Newspaper will be analyzed and compared. Comparison of how the two nation's medias reported this devastating earthquake in Japan is necessary in order to show both similarities and differences in the way in which they reported the incident, which will include the analysis on what news frame of thought they configured the reality of the eastern Japan earthquake and the way in which influencing factors contributed to the formation of this frame. This research was carried out on both the literary content of articles as well as their accompanying photos.\r\nBased on the above, the following research questions were set up:\r\n<1. Research Topic> How different is the behavior of the newspapers in South Korea compared to that of the United States in reporting Japan’s earthquake?\r\n<2. Research Topic> How different were the frames revealed in the two nation's newspaper articles in reporting the earthquake?\r\n<3. Research Topic> How different were the usage patterns of photos used in the newspapers of South Korea and the United States?\r\nAnalyzed result for the <1. Research Topic> showed that the Joongang Daily published approximately twice as many articles about the Japanese Earthquake as the New York Times and used more diverse styles in the visual part of its reporting when compared to the New York Times.\r\nSignificant differences were found in the information presented in the article. For example, the Joongang Daily focused more on highlighting the damage caused by the earthquake which accounted for 28 percent of the total\r\ncontent of its articles, whereas the articles in the New York Times focused mainly on the nuclear and radioactive leakage.\r\nIn examining the adjectives used in headlines, the Joongang Daily used more adjectives, both positive and negative, than the New York Times. In terms of sources of information in articles regarding the earthquake the New York Times used approximately five times as many sources than the Joongang Daily. The type of source used also differed between the two countries. The Joongang Daily mainly utilized sources from organizations, civil and public sources, whereas the sources used by the New York Times were mostly from domestic scholars and experts. Both the Joongang Daily and the New York Times used non-sourced personal informants, however Joongang Daily used approximately four times as much compared to the New York Times.\r\nFor <2. Research Topic> a total of five reporting frames were drawn by using the Vandyke's topic structure analysis. Joongang Daily's frame appeared in the order of resident's corresponding with damage frame, other country's support frame, the ripple effect frame, nuclear & radiological problem analysis frame and the disaster damage scale frame. The order of frames used by the New York Times however were the analysis of the problems of nuclear & radioactive analysis frame, the ripple effect frame, disaster damage scale frame, resident's damage corresponding ability frame and the support from other countries frame.\r\n<3. Research Topic> was to analyze the behavior of photographs used. The media of both countries focused heavily on showing photos of the damage caused by the earthquake. In terms of the sources of the photos, the New York Times used pictures sourced fairly evenly from various world media sources, while the Joongang Daily showed a more biased attitude by sourcing more than half its photos from AP'. In analyzing the sensational aspects of the photographs used, the New York Times published more suggestive and stimulating pictures compared to those used by Joongang Daily.\r\nThe purpose of this study is to understand the current differences between the domestic press and the US media on the reporting of the disaster. The preparation for disaster is understandably very limited as natural disasters often occur very unpredictably. Therefore, when these situations do occur, it is considered very important that media coverage of the disaster does what it can to prevent and minimize the damage caused. Joongang Daily and the NYT's pattern of reporting the East Japan\r\nEarthquake was examined through overall coverage and detailed frame analysis and the result revealed significant differences between the two. This provides a reflection on the way in which the disaster was reported in modern South Korea, and will present the preferred direction for Korean press media in covering disasters in the future. It is hoped that this study could provide a greater understanding of the diversity seen worldwide in reporting this disaster, and guidelines for the reporting of disasters in the future.